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Cement Industry: A High-Emission Industry in the Building Materials Sector
Release time:2022-09-23
The establishment of the “dual carbon” goals has placed tremendous pressure on high-emission and high-energy-consuming industries to achieve energy savings and reduce carbon emissions. In 2020, the cement industry’s total carbon emissions amounted to approximately 1.375 billion tons, accounting for around 13.5% of the nation’s total carbon emissions, making a low-carbon, green, and environmentally friendly transformation urgently necessary.
In 2022, the “Implementation Guidelines for Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction Transformation and Upgrading in Key Areas of High-Energy-Consuming Industries (2022 Edition),” jointly issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, and the National Energy Administration, proposed work directions and development goals tailored to 17 high-energy-consuming industries, including the “Implementation Guidelines for Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction Transformation and Upgrading in the Cement Industry.”
What is cement?
The primary raw materials for cement are lime or calcium silicate. After hardening, it can resist erosion from freshwater or saline water. As an important binding material, cement is widely used in civil engineering, hydraulic engineering, national defense, and other related projects.
A fine, powdery, hydraulically setting cementitious material that, when mixed with an appropriate amount of water, forms a plastic paste capable of hardening both in air and underwater, and able to firmly bind materials such as sand and stone together, is commonly referred to as cement.
The upstream of the cement industry chain mainly includes coal and other raw materials, while the downstream primarily encompasses infrastructure development, real estate, and new rural construction. As a basic raw-material manufacturing industry, the cement sector’s industrial chain starts with raw materials such as limestone and clay—and does not have a strictly defined upstream sector. From the perspective of cost composition, the upstream industries closely related to the cement industry include coal and electricity.
Overview of Cement Production Process
What are the carbon emissions associated with the cement production process?
The cement production process can be divided into three main stages: raw material preparation, clinker calcination, and cement grinding. During this process, energy consumption primarily involves electricity and thermal energy. The major sources of carbon emissions include the following stages:
(1) Calcium carbonate in cement raw materials decomposes to produce carbon dioxide;
(2) Carbon dioxide generated from the combustion of fuels such as coal and oil during clinker production;
(3) Carbon dioxide generated during high-temperature calcination from non-fuel carbon contained in raw materials such as steel slag, coal gangue, and fly ash;
(4) During the co-processing of waste, carbon dioxide generated from the combustion of alternative fuels and non-biomass carbon contained in the waste;
(5) Of the carbon dioxide emissions from the cement industry, 90% are attributable to clinker production (calcium carbonate decomposition and fuel combustion), while the remaining 10% stem from raw material preparation and cement product manufacturing. The electricity and heat purchased net by cement plants account for this 90%.
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